State formation and their Functioning from the ancient times : A brief Survey

When human society became bigger and complex, a political set up came up to govern a group of people (society) in a better way. Consequently,a strong and able person in the tribal society became the leader or ruler of the earliest form of society. Subsequently as a tribal society became very big by subduing niebouring groups, it took the form of a Kingdom and Empire. Soon two form of kingship established in the ancient period itself. The first was the Monarchy and the Second was the Republic. 

The monarchial rule was autocratic and heriditary. Where as the Republican form of rule was working on the principle of an elected king. 

After the rise of modern west, new forms of State in the form of constitutional democratic state and socialist state became popular in the aftermath of Industrial Revolution in Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries. 

Both the system, spread in the world due to decolonisation of colonial countries in the 20th century and competed with each other. 

From the end of 20th century, the socialist countries became so weak that they failed to keep their identity and compromised with the big Capitalist countries. Globalisation and free market economy marginalised the role of the governments in most of the countries; especially Asian, African and Latin American countries. 

India has also fallen, in this trap and had lost political and economic sovereignty. Worst thing is that in Indian politics; the influence of petty politics, populism , power (muscle power and money power), and pressure groups is making mockery of democratic Constitution and democratic state. 

(This is my own personal view based on my cognitive understanding of Indian history and politics) 

From Panchayat to present Parliamentary form of Rule: